Final Soap Making SOAP FROM CRUDE SOAP STOCK Beginning Composition of Crude Soap Stock Characteristics of Soap Stock Manufacturing Method SOAP FROM MIXED FATTY ACID. Enzyme Detergent Bars Formula. PLANT & MACHINERY FOR SMALL SCALE DETERGENTS CAKES MANUFACTURE Kneader Milling Machine Plodder Bar Cutter or Billet Cutter. Liquid detergents have a very similar formula as washing up liquid detergent when intended for a hand wash product. However, the emphasis is more on the fabric cleaning ability. It is important that light duty liquid detergents are easily dispersed in water are mild and gentle to hands and the fabric washed. The pH is neutral or very slightly.
Carboxylic acids and salts having alkyl chains longer than eight carbons exhibit unusual behavior in water due to the presence of both hydrophilic (CO2) and hydrophobic (alkyl) regions in the same molecule. Such molecules are termed amphiphilic (Gk. amphi = both) or amphipathic. Fatty acids made up of ten or more carbon atoms are nearly insoluble in water, and because of their lower density, float on the surface when mixed with water. Unlike paraffin or other alkanes, which tend to puddle on the waters surface, these fatty acids spread evenly over an extended water surface, eventually forming a monomolecular layer in which the polar carboxyl groups are hydrogen bonded at the water interface, and the hydrocarbon chains are aligned together away from the water. This behavior is illustrated in the diagram on the right. Substances that accumulate at water surfaces and change the surface properties are called surfactants.
Alkali metal salts of fatty acids are more soluble in water than the acids themselves, and the amphiphilic character of these substances also make them strong surfactants. The most common examples of such compounds are soaps and detergents, four of which are shown below. Note that each of these molecules has a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the 'tail', and a polar (often ionic) 'head group'. The use of such compounds as cleaning agents is facilitated by their surfactant character, which lowers the surface tension of water, allowing it to penetrate and wet a variety of materials.
Very small amounts of these surfactants dissolve in water to give a random dispersion of solute molecules. However, when the concentration is increased an interesting change occurs. The surfactant molecules reversibly assemble into polymolecular aggregates called micelles. By gathering the hydrophobic chains together in the center of the micelle, disruption of the hydrogen bonded structure of liquid water is minimized, and the polar head groups extend into the surrounding water where they participate in hydrogen bonding. These micelles are often spherical in shape, but may also assume cylindrical and branched forms, as illustrated on the right. Here the polar head group is designated by a blue circle, and the nonpolar tail is a zig-zag black line.
The oldest amphiphilic cleaning agent known to humans is soap. Soap is manufactured by the base-catalyzed hydrolysis (saponification) of animal fat. Before sodium hydroxide was commercially available, a boiling solution of potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes was used. Soft potassium soaps were then converted to the harder sodium soaps by washing with salt solution. The importance of soap to human civilization is documented by history, but some problems associated with its use have been recognized. One of these is caused by the weak acidity (pKa ca. 4.9) of the fatty acids. Solutions of alkali metal soaps are slightly alkaline (pH 8 to 9) due to hydrolysis. If the pH of a soap solution is lowered by acidic contaminants, insoluble fatty acids precipitate and form a scum. A second problem is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the water supply (hard water). These divalent cations cause aggregation of the micelles, which then deposit as a dirty scum.
These problems have been alleviated by the development of synthetic amphiphiles called detergents (or syndets). By using a much stronger acid for the polar head group, water solutions of the amphiphile are less sensitive to pH changes. Also the sulfonate functions used for virtually all anionic detergents confer greater solubility on micelles incorporating the alkaline earth cations found in hard water. Variations on the amphiphile theme have led to the development of other classes, such as the cationic and nonionic detergents shown above. Cationic detergents often exhibit germicidal properties, and their ability to change surface pH has made them useful as fabric softeners and hair conditioners. These versatile chemical 'tools' have dramatically transformed the household and personal care cleaning product markets over the past fifty years.
Contributors
William Reusch, Professor Emeritus (Michigan State U.), Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Detergent powder or laundry washing powder is a promising industry in India. In addition, any individual can initiate a detergent powder making business with moderate capital investment. Here in this article, we intend to explore how to start a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing business.
Detergent and washing powder are surfactants. And washing powder is an important ingredient for cleaning and washing purpose.
Generally, there two different types of manufacturing technologies are available. One is spray dried and another is mixing the raw materials. However, the first option is only perfect for a large-scale operation. Also, it demands a huge capital investment. The second option (mixing formula) is the easier option and you can start the manufacturing with small capital investment.
Here is a Detailed Stepwise Detergent Manufacturing Business Project Plan Guide for Beginners
Detergent Powder Market Potential
The Indian detergent industry is growing at a CAGR of 13.06% from the last five years. Generally, the detergent powder segment caters to three categories, lower, middle and higher-end markets. In terms of value, the Rs.5,000 crore detergents market is among the largest FMCG categories in India, next only to edible oils and biscuits. In addition, the Indian market for detergents is among the largest in the world
Due to rapid urbanization, the emergence of small pack size and sachets, the demand for this product is flourishing. In addition, an increasing per capita income helps to boost the purchasing capacity of the population. Furthermore, a wide range of available choice, health awareness and hunger for good living are other reasons for the growing demand for detergent powder.
In addition, the rural population has replaced detergent cake with washing powder in massive quantity. Apart from the domestic consumption, the product has a different usage in the industrial sectors. The detergent industry represents a good investment opportunity in the small and medium sector. Therefore, washing powder manufacturing is a lucrative business opportunity for new entrepreneurs.
Detergent Powder Manufacturing License & Registration
You will need to apply for ‘Consent to Establish' and ‘Consent to Operate' both from the Pollution Control Board. For quality control, you need to have BIS registration and IS: 4955-1968: specification is required for synthetic detergent powder for household use.
If you want to start the manufacturing with mixing process, you need to obtain different registrations and licenses. However, it depends on the location where you are establishing the plant. It is advisable to check the local state laws. Here we put some of the basic considerations.
- First of all, determine the form of your business. And accordingly, register the business.
- Apply for the Trade License from the Municipal Authority.
- Additionally, apply for MSME Udyog Aadhaar online registration.
- Apply for the ‘Consent to Establish' from the Pollution Control Board
- Obtain the GST registration.
- Apply for BIS certification.
- Choose a catchy brand name of the product and secure the name with Trademark
Detergent Powder Making Plant Setup & Machinery
You can initiate a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing unit with a 1000 Sq Ft area. However, the area requirement hugely depends on the desired quantity output.
In addition, you have to secure the factory location carefully. the location must have the availability of water, electricity, and transportation.
Related: 14 Things To Consider In Selecting Factory Location Watch after we collided online, free.
Detergent Powder Making Machine
The basic detergent powder manufacturing types of equipment needed are listed below:
- Reactors
- Neutraliser
- Pulveriser
- Blender
- Weighing scale etc.
Related: 10 Things To Consider In Purchasing Machine & Equipment
Detergent Powder Making Formula
Different companies have their own customized formula. In addition, you have to craft the formula according to your target market demographic. You can source the manufacturing technology from Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Gijubhai Badeka Marg, Waghawadi Road. Bhavnagar -364 002 However, here we put a basic formula with the ingredients in percentage for your ready reference.
| Ingredients | Premium grade (Wt, %) | Popular grade (Wt, %) |
| 85% active LAB acid slurry | 18 | 15 |
| Sodium carbonate (soda ash) | 35 | 32 |
| Sodium metasilicate | 2 | No |
| Alkaline sodium silicate | No | 7 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 10 | 10 |
| Sodium Sulphate (anhydrous) | 20 | 25 |
| Sodium tripolyphosphate | 10 | 7 |
| Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose | 1.5 | 1 |
| Phthalocyanine blue color or oil-soluble yellow colour | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Optical whitener | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Perfume | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Water | 3 | 2.6 |
Detergent Powder Manufacturing Process
First of all, you have to neutralize the acid slurry with soda ash. Then keep the mixture for one hour for completion of the reaction. Then mix the other ingredients such as STEP, TSP, Glauber's salt, CMC, Colours, Perfume etc. and blend to the neutralized acid slurry with continuous mixing. After this, you have to dry this mixture. Then pack the finished product in the suitable packing.
Related: 30 Best Self Employment Ideas In India For Men & Women
Detergent Powder Packaging
The oldest amphiphilic cleaning agent known to humans is soap. Soap is manufactured by the base-catalyzed hydrolysis (saponification) of animal fat. Before sodium hydroxide was commercially available, a boiling solution of potassium carbonate leached from wood ashes was used. Soft potassium soaps were then converted to the harder sodium soaps by washing with salt solution. The importance of soap to human civilization is documented by history, but some problems associated with its use have been recognized. One of these is caused by the weak acidity (pKa ca. 4.9) of the fatty acids. Solutions of alkali metal soaps are slightly alkaline (pH 8 to 9) due to hydrolysis. If the pH of a soap solution is lowered by acidic contaminants, insoluble fatty acids precipitate and form a scum. A second problem is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the water supply (hard water). These divalent cations cause aggregation of the micelles, which then deposit as a dirty scum.
These problems have been alleviated by the development of synthetic amphiphiles called detergents (or syndets). By using a much stronger acid for the polar head group, water solutions of the amphiphile are less sensitive to pH changes. Also the sulfonate functions used for virtually all anionic detergents confer greater solubility on micelles incorporating the alkaline earth cations found in hard water. Variations on the amphiphile theme have led to the development of other classes, such as the cationic and nonionic detergents shown above. Cationic detergents often exhibit germicidal properties, and their ability to change surface pH has made them useful as fabric softeners and hair conditioners. These versatile chemical 'tools' have dramatically transformed the household and personal care cleaning product markets over the past fifty years.
Contributors
William Reusch, Professor Emeritus (Michigan State U.), Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Detergent powder or laundry washing powder is a promising industry in India. In addition, any individual can initiate a detergent powder making business with moderate capital investment. Here in this article, we intend to explore how to start a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing business.
Detergent and washing powder are surfactants. And washing powder is an important ingredient for cleaning and washing purpose.
Generally, there two different types of manufacturing technologies are available. One is spray dried and another is mixing the raw materials. However, the first option is only perfect for a large-scale operation. Also, it demands a huge capital investment. The second option (mixing formula) is the easier option and you can start the manufacturing with small capital investment.
Here is a Detailed Stepwise Detergent Manufacturing Business Project Plan Guide for Beginners
Detergent Powder Market Potential
The Indian detergent industry is growing at a CAGR of 13.06% from the last five years. Generally, the detergent powder segment caters to three categories, lower, middle and higher-end markets. In terms of value, the Rs.5,000 crore detergents market is among the largest FMCG categories in India, next only to edible oils and biscuits. In addition, the Indian market for detergents is among the largest in the world
Due to rapid urbanization, the emergence of small pack size and sachets, the demand for this product is flourishing. In addition, an increasing per capita income helps to boost the purchasing capacity of the population. Furthermore, a wide range of available choice, health awareness and hunger for good living are other reasons for the growing demand for detergent powder.
In addition, the rural population has replaced detergent cake with washing powder in massive quantity. Apart from the domestic consumption, the product has a different usage in the industrial sectors. The detergent industry represents a good investment opportunity in the small and medium sector. Therefore, washing powder manufacturing is a lucrative business opportunity for new entrepreneurs.
Detergent Powder Manufacturing License & Registration
You will need to apply for ‘Consent to Establish' and ‘Consent to Operate' both from the Pollution Control Board. For quality control, you need to have BIS registration and IS: 4955-1968: specification is required for synthetic detergent powder for household use.
If you want to start the manufacturing with mixing process, you need to obtain different registrations and licenses. However, it depends on the location where you are establishing the plant. It is advisable to check the local state laws. Here we put some of the basic considerations.
- First of all, determine the form of your business. And accordingly, register the business.
- Apply for the Trade License from the Municipal Authority.
- Additionally, apply for MSME Udyog Aadhaar online registration.
- Apply for the ‘Consent to Establish' from the Pollution Control Board
- Obtain the GST registration.
- Apply for BIS certification.
- Choose a catchy brand name of the product and secure the name with Trademark
Detergent Powder Making Plant Setup & Machinery
You can initiate a small-scale detergent powder manufacturing unit with a 1000 Sq Ft area. However, the area requirement hugely depends on the desired quantity output.
In addition, you have to secure the factory location carefully. the location must have the availability of water, electricity, and transportation.
Related: 14 Things To Consider In Selecting Factory Location Watch after we collided online, free.
Detergent Powder Making Machine
The basic detergent powder manufacturing types of equipment needed are listed below:
- Reactors
- Neutraliser
- Pulveriser
- Blender
- Weighing scale etc.
Related: 10 Things To Consider In Purchasing Machine & Equipment
Detergent Powder Making Formula
Different companies have their own customized formula. In addition, you have to craft the formula according to your target market demographic. You can source the manufacturing technology from Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Gijubhai Badeka Marg, Waghawadi Road. Bhavnagar -364 002 However, here we put a basic formula with the ingredients in percentage for your ready reference.
| Ingredients | Premium grade (Wt, %) | Popular grade (Wt, %) |
| 85% active LAB acid slurry | 18 | 15 |
| Sodium carbonate (soda ash) | 35 | 32 |
| Sodium metasilicate | 2 | No |
| Alkaline sodium silicate | No | 7 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 10 | 10 |
| Sodium Sulphate (anhydrous) | 20 | 25 |
| Sodium tripolyphosphate | 10 | 7 |
| Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose | 1.5 | 1 |
| Phthalocyanine blue color or oil-soluble yellow colour | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Optical whitener | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Perfume | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| Water | 3 | 2.6 |
Detergent Powder Manufacturing Process
First of all, you have to neutralize the acid slurry with soda ash. Then keep the mixture for one hour for completion of the reaction. Then mix the other ingredients such as STEP, TSP, Glauber's salt, CMC, Colours, Perfume etc. and blend to the neutralized acid slurry with continuous mixing. After this, you have to dry this mixture. Then pack the finished product in the suitable packing.
Related: 30 Best Self Employment Ideas In India For Men & Women
Detergent Powder Packaging
Apart from the above mentioned raw materials, you have to procure packaging materials. Generally, the detergent powder comes in the poly pack. Most popular packaging quantities are 200 gm, 1 Kg, and 5 Kg. In addition, packaging has important aspects of marketing. You must design the packets carefully. Furthermore, you have to put the basic details in packets. These are quantity, MRP, manufacturing date, company address, customer care number etc. In addition, you have to arrange the outer cartoons for bulk packaging and transportation.
Learning Resources For Detergent Powder Manufacturing
Starting a commercial detergent powder production requires some basic knowledge. And a book is the best guide for this. If you seriously want to start this business, we'd recommend you to buy this book.
The term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Some of the fundamentals of the book are the technology of soap making and washing of saponified soap. Also, it includes plant for total soap making operation, construction materials for soap making plants, earth bleaching of oils, chemical bleaching, fatty acids, manufacturing of framed soaps, manufacture of chips and flakes, manufacture of milled bars, the Mazzoni process, floating soap bars, mixing of soap, chemicals used in soaps & detergents, disinfectants and antiseptics, dry cleaning agents, etc.
Additionally, the book contains formulae, processes of different types of soaps, detergents and disinfectants. These products have good demand in domestic as well as in the international market. So there is a very good scope for new entrepreneurs to venture into this field. This book is an invaluable resource for entrepreneurs, technocrats and for those who want to diversify into this field.
Internet download manager for mac. From a detergent powder manufacturing unit, you can also produce detergent cake and liquid detergent.
Detergent Powder Project Cost Synopsis:
| Plant capacity: 1000 Kgs. / day | T.C.I: Rs. 22 Lakhs |
| Plant & machinery: Rs. 6 Lakhs | Breakeven: 46% |
| Return: 48% |
The actual cost of a detergent manufacturing project may deviate on change of any of the assumptions. You can modify the project capacity and project cost as per your requirement.
Soaps And Detergents Pdf
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